Basic+Features+of+Early+Civilizations+in+Different+Environments+(8)

- Believed in polytheistic religion, believed in heaven. - Inspiring artwork/music - Only elite were educated - Women in charge of cooking and house keeping, had few rights || - Geographically isolated from the rest of the world (which kept them safe) - Used Nile River for everything * - Interacted with Mesopotamia -Trade with Mediterranean, Middle East, Nubia, East African coast -Nubians followed Egyptians -Papyrus || -Elaborate Cities - Mohenjo Daro and Harrapa (Multi-story buildings, indoor plumbing). - Standardized weights and measures - Writing cannot be deciphered - Environmental harm - Irrigated agriculture (increased salt in the soil, reduced crop yields) - Wood burning (large scale deforestation and soil erosion) || -Isolated by deserts, mountains, and seas – unpredictable flooding -Still some trade w/ Southwest Asia and South Asia -Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 left written records) -Knowledge of bronze metallurgy – from Southwest Asia -Strengthened Shang war machine -1000 BCE Ironworking -Fortune telling and ancestor worship started here -Palaces/tombs built for emperors -Writing – oracle bones -Oracle scratch person’s question on bone/shell – heat it -Resulting cracks read to learn message from gods -Shoulder -myth of Xia dynasty || - Men were thought to have authority - Women were separated into respectable and nonrespectable categories - Social status determined the consequences of a broken law || - Patriarchy -Gave women the opportunity to own property and slaves, administer and sell land, make their own wills, sign their own marriage contracts, initiate divorce -Women sometimes had political power - Fewer slaves than other civilizations || - No evidence of kings or warrior classes || -Stratified – ruling elites, artisans, peasants, slaves -Patriarchal – father needs to know children are his -Subservient -multiple marriages -infanticide – preference for sons -Ancestor worship -Matrilineal society before Shang || - Introduced inequality - Transitioned to patriarchy - Introduced laws and codes - Code of Hammurabi  || - Started off as individual states à around 3100 BC they unified - Pharaoh = god in human form - Defined the laws - Were access to afterlife - After 2200 BC: local officials gained power = anarchy 1500 BC: imperial state || - Archaeological evidence provides little indication of a centralized state - Many theories have been suggested à small possibility that there was an organized civilization without a centralized state || -Dynasties -Central rule to oversee irrigation/flood-control projects -Walled cities – center of cultural, military, economic – set precedent in villages -Zhou replaced Shang – “mandate of heaven” – if leader governed wisely and fairly, he could claim right to divine rule -Warrior aristocracy -fought northern/western neighbors – barbarians – expanded empire -Tradition of central authority -Began as small agricultural cities along Yellow River
 * || **Mesopotamia** || **Egypt** || **Indus Valley/Harrapa** || **Shang/Huang He** ||
 * **Culture** || - Created the written language, cuneiform
 * **Social Structure** || - Patriarchy
 * **State** || - Started with chiefdoms/city-states

|| - Code of Hammurabi - A Murder Trial - Common Sense Advice from a Man to His Son - Babylonian Law - Origins of Patriarchy || Ten Commandments & Book of the Dead: series of instructors for the after life
 * **Other** || //See Classwork://

//See Classwork:// -Hymn of the Nile (shows importance of Nile) - Becoming a Scribe (shows importance of education & shows the different roles in society) || || //See Classwork:// - Portrait of Ban Zhao ||
 * Review Questions**


 * 1) What is the impact of civilizations as a whole?
 * 2) What changes came about with the development of civilizations?
 * 3) How does geography affect a civilization?
 * 4) What is the role of cities in early civilizations?
 * 5) How do social inequalities compare from one civilization to the next?
 * 6) Why is writing important, and how did it differ between the societies?
 * 7) How did trade impact the civilizations?