Classical+Civilizations+&+Late+Classical+Period

= __Classical Civilizations and Late Classical Period__ =

By Elysia Liang, Michelle Cho, Michelle Shin, Kim Chan

__**Political Developments**__
> later united under one rule > who called himself Shihuangdi which means > "first emperor" >> scholars) were executed and books burned >> (defend against invaders) >> as emperor's final resting place >> train officials (anyone from other >> classes able to become government official) > governed by local leaders and some small > republics governed by public assemblies > regional states governed by kings >> cultural diversity >> with local information >>> after witnessing violence >> Roman Empire >>> leadership Athens slowly evolves from Monarchy to Aristocracy (rich aristocrats)
 * = **China** ||= **India** ||= **Persia** ||= **Greece** ||= **Rome** ||
 * * Began as separate city-states which
 * Unification in China brought about by a man
 * Emperors during each dynasty
 * "Son of Heaven"
 * Claim to be governed by the Mandate of Heaven
 * Qin Dynasty (Collapsed: 206 b.c.e)
 * Unification under Shihuangdi
 * Adopted Legalism
 * Used military power to enforce rules
 * Those who challenged the government
 * Recruited workers for the Great Wall of China
 * Also had workers construct a mausoleum
 * Included 7,500 ceramic life-size soldiers
 * Han Dynasty (206 b.c.e-220 c.e)
 * Emperor: Wudi
 * Elaborate bureaucracy
 * Kept Qin centralization
 * Not as harsh
 * Creation of an imperial academy to
 * Based on the writings of Confucius
 * Beginning of civil service system in China || * Began as fragmented towns and cities
 * Politically fragmented because of
 * Mauryan Empire (320-184 BCE)
 * Ruled all but southern tip of India
 * Population of 50 million people
 * Civilian bureaucracy with spies to provide rulers
 * Large military force
 * Taxes on trade, animals, and land
 * Famous emperor: Ashoka (268-232 BCE)
 * Was brutal ruler but converted to Buddhism
 * Ruled peacefully and created moral code for subjects
 * Supported Buddhist monasteries and sent missionaries
 * Empire broke apart after his death
 * Gupta Empire (320-550 CE)
 * Golden Age of India
 * Many short lived empires followed
 * Resembled western Europe after collapse of
 * No loyalty to imperial or regional states
 * Too diverse
 * Merchants and artisans provided local
 * Invasions from Central Asia || * Started with an imperial system that drew upon Babylonian and Assyrian Empires
 * Cult of Kingship
 * Believed that King had direct relationship to God
 * Only approached by elaborate ritual
 * Secluded in royal magnificence
 * Imperial Bureaucracy
 * Satrap:Persian governors
 * Eyes and Ears of the king: system of imperial spies
 * Ruled by the will of the great Persian God, Ahura Mazda
 * Empire grew to 35 million
 * Other government officials
 * Administrators
 * Tax collectors
 * Record keepers
 * Translators
 * Two most famous monarchs: Darius and Cyrus
 * Monarch Darius
 * Reigned 557 - 530 BC
 * Killed the nobleman and his clan who interrupted himself and his wife on one occasion
 * "What was said to them by me, night and day, it was done" (Darius).
 * Greco-Persian Wars
 * Cause: Land of the coast of Anatolia (present day Turkey)
 * The Greeks established an Ionian colony in Anatolia, which the Persians conquered
 * The Greeks revolted with the helps of Athens
 * Victory: Athens
 * Persia was embarrassed and sent ships to Athens, but lost again || * Athens
 * Beg. Monarchy
 * Power corrupts aristocrats & common pep. Hate them
 * Pep. Rebel
 * Tyrant- common people pick one leader- Tyrant- take power by force
 * Power corrupts him
 * Pep take power by force
 * Good Tyrants


 * Solon- invent Jury trail


 * Draco¬- Wrote down first laws
 * Democracy- Direct Democracy


 * Every citizen (FAMO) votes

Character Values: Compassion Education Liberal Education not all about phycial strength- well rounded ed.


 * Sparta-


 * Govt. Oligarchy (few old (over 60) people had power)

Only Men in govt.

Political Rights
 * Participate in the assembly- Athens
 * Vote
 * Civic (having to do w/ govt) Participation


 * Hold office in govt. || * Rome: From City-State to Empire
 * started as small, city-state in central Italy
 * overthrew monarchy and established a republic
 * dominance of wealthy patricians
 * rule by two consuls, with advice from Senate
 * conflict with plebeians (poorer classes)
 * pride in republican values:
 * political crisis of first century b.c.e.
 * rise of military leaders ( Julius Caesar)
 * decline of republican values
 * Caesar
 * establishment of pax Romana (Roman peace)
 * security
 * relative prosperity ||



__**Social and Gender Structures**__
> poor, etc. || * Immense cultural and ethnic diversity
 * = **China** ||= **India** ||= **Persia** ||= **Greece** ||= **Rome** ||
 * * Patriarchal Society
 * Women and men- inequality
 * Women expected to do domestic duties
 * Aristocratic women: expected to be clean and proper
 * Poorer women: must work
 * Social hierarchy evident- aristocracy, scholars,
 * Created many divisions
 * Hinduism and caste system provided community and common ground
 * Little social mobility
 * Merchants and artisans enjoyed high position in society
 * Used wealth to support temples, public buildings, religious festival || * Persian governors, translators, record keepers, tax collectors and administrators were honored
 * General policy of respect
 * King was seen the connection from Ahura Mazda
 * Took care to uphold local religions cults in an effort to gain support of their followers and officials || * FAMO


 * Free adult men only


 * Not women


 * Children


 * Slaves
 * Foreigners- Someone not from their Polis (political independence)


 * Sparta: Social Structure- more rigid than Athens


 * Character Values


 * Physical Strength

• Romans were always a minority in empire • gradual expansion of Roman citizenship • • Greek culture continued to dominate eastern empire ||
 * Women: have as many sons as possible || o relationship



__**Trade**__
>>> bewildered over the loss of a predictable and stable society || * Mauyran Empire had many state operated industries
 * = **China** ||= **India** ||= **Persia** ||= **Greece** ||= **Rome** ||
 * * Central East Asian Traders
 * Brought about the spread of Buddhism into China
 * Buddhism received little support from Han Dynasty
 * After the collapse of the Han Dynasty:
 * Buddhism appealed to those who became
 * Spinning, weaving, mining, shipbuilding, armaments
 * Cotton was most important crop
 * Wool was too heavy for warm climate
 * Created many trade networks with Africa and Europe || * Developed a standard coinage
 * The "royal road" (see arts, sciences, and technology) was built
 * Caravans of merchants could traverse the highway ||  ||   ||



__**Arts, Sciences & Technology**__
> canals, protective walls > and currency and standardized the length of > axles for carts and the written form of the Chinese > language > the mausoleum for Shihuangdi || * Mathematics
 * = **China** ||= **India** ||= **Persia** ||= **Greece** ||= **Rome** ||
 * * Invested on public works: roads, bridges, aqueducts,
 * Imposed uniform system of weights, measures,
 * Qin Dynasty: Built the Great Wall of China and constructed
 * Invented concept of zero
 * Created Arabic numbers
 * Astronomy
 * Knew earth was round
 * Plotted movements of stars and planets || * Built a canal that linked the Nile to the Red Sea
 * Greatly expanded commerce and enriched Egypt
 * A "royal road"
 * 1,700 miles in length
 * Allowed easier communication and commerce across empire
 * Imperial Courier Service: postal service
 * Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, not darkness of night prevents them from accomplishing the task proposed to them with utmost speed" (Herodotus).
 * Imperial centers were powerful symbols of imperial authority
 * Discouraged others from rebellion and attack
 * Reflected immense wealth of the empire
 * Most elaborate imperial centers: Susa and Persepolis
 * Palaces, audience halls, monuments, carvings || * Greek City States


 * Have in common


 * Currency


 * Religion


 * Language


 * Culture


 * Olympic Games

• Compassion • Education • Liberal Education not all about phycial strength- well rounded ed. || o invested heavily in public works ||
 * Athens: Character Values: